Specifically, in the week 20—27 March , the average PM 2. Cadotte reported decreasing air pollutants levels in the biggest cities of the world. Also in Northern Italy, the severe restrictions on people movements following the partial lockdown and the subsequent total lockdown have determined a significant decrease of pollutants PM10, PM2.
The hydrosphere, including lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater environments, has long been suffering from severe pollution because of rapid urbanization, industrialization, and overexploitation.
Therefore, the level of pollution has shrunk considerably. For example, in Italy, that was in the early stages of pandemic one of the most affected countries, was reported that the Venice Lagoon became clear, with the return of many aquatic species Braga et al. Similarly, in India, the highly polluted river Ganges, turned cleaner at several places during the lockdown Mani, Positive effects with reduction of pollution determined by restrictive measures occurred also on marine and costal environment Canning-Clode et al.
The lockdown has had positive effects also on several other environmental aspects such as the quality of beaches Zambrano-Monserrate et al. Even animal life benefits from the stop of the human activities.
The behavioral changes of wild animals such as birds, insects, and street animals indicate the impact that human activities have on living beings. A certain correlation between atmospheric changes and changes in the behavior of animals during lockdown period has also been observed Bar, On the other hand, another important feature of COVID pandemic is related to the massive use of disinfectants to counteract the viral transmission. These Authors have underlined that in the environment chlorine is transformed into highly dangerous compounds i.
Ecotoxicological effects related to the use of disinfectants have been reviewed by SanJuan-Reyes et al. Increased concern has also been posed by the amplified plastic pollution consequent to the use of Personal Protective Equipments PPEs such as protective masks or gloves Abbasi et al. A synthesis of current literature about the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the main environmental compartments atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere is shown in Table 1.
Per each compartment, references have been assigned to a group according to the following criteria: 1 viral detection, transmission and persistence; 2 possible causes of viral spreading; 3 potential consequences of COVID pandemic.
From the table, it is clear that there is a strong link between air quality and COVID infection in both the directions. However, there are many evidences showing that COVID government restrictions reduced urban air pollution determining consistent declines. Moreover, there is a large evidence of SARS-CoV-2 elimination via faeces with increased worries about possible secondary transmission via water.
The excreted virus could reach wastewater treatment plants in an infective state. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 can be found in soil even follow the spill of sewage that can act as a source and evidences reported a survival of enveloped viruses in this compartment up to 90 days. However, no paper has been published up to date indicating how this virus could be quantified in soil samples.
Interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the major environmental compartments atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. The evidences show that the COVID pandemic has resulted in an exceptional increase of production, consumption, and disposal of PPE, especially surgical face masks.
The overuse of PPEs is determining the increase of plastic pollution especially in water environments. Plastic waste in freshwater and marine environment can be easily ingested by higher organisms, such as fishes, entering in the food chain and potentially determining chronic health problems to humans.
Although the main and better-known route of transmission of CoVs is the direct one through the emission of droplets Chen et al. Recently, Yeo et al. Moreover, some researchers focused their attention on the possible CoVs transmission through bioaerosols originated from toilet flushing, as demonstrated by Yu et al. Finally, an involvement of contaminated food in CoVs transmission can be supposed given the already established survival of the human or animal CoVs on vegetables Mullis et al.
The need for adequate monitoring programs to evaluate wastewater treatment and fate of urban waters has been underlined, in the light that viral survival and persistence in water systems after wastewater discharge depend on several factors i.
Since most the majority of fecal-oral transmitted viruses are highly persistent in the aquatic environment, the Authors underline that knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 persistence in water is essential to follow viral fate in water, wastewater and groundwater and subsequent human exposure. Therefore, surface water and groundwater represent relevant viral control points through possible leaching and infiltrations of effluents from health care facilities, sewage, and drainage water.
In aquatic environments, a literature review on the occurrence, persistence and possible management of SARS-CoV-2 has been reported by Patel et al. Several studies have been carried out to assess the presence and the persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 in sewage and wastewater, recognizing this environmental compartment as a potential way of exposure to infection Ahmed et al.
Cahill and Morris have explored the potential risks related to the use of recreational waters, concluding that there have been no reports of humans contracting the SARS-CoV-2 via faecal-oral transmission to date and therefore the risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure to recreational water users is believed to be low, although the potential risk of faecal-oral transmission cannot be excluded where SARS-CoV-2 is present in its infectious state following excretion from human body.
In this regard, Wang et al. Also in sewage holding tanks of an international ferry boat, as well as on surface of air-conditioners and ventilation systems, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 was detected Mouchtouri et al.
In general, researches regarding the presence and persistence of viruses in aquatic environments have focused especially on non enveloped enteric viruses, showing a higher resistance in various environmental conditions compared to enveloped ones that are inactivated in water Wigginton and Ellenberg, ; Carducci et al.
However, in the last decade, some authors have reported the probable presence of enveloped viruses, such as CoVs, in sewage systems Ikehata et al. The survival of CoVs in wastewater can be affected by several variables such as temperature, relative humidity, presence and concentration of suspended solids and disinfection products Casanova et al.
Low temperatures and humidity generally favor high persistence and viability of CoVs Yeo et al. Gundy et al. The same authors reported also that the CoVs T Moreover, higher T This was also in agreement with the hydrophobicity of the envelope, responsible for a lower virus solubility in water and a major rate of viral adhesion on solid particles Gundy et al.
Viruses are the most abundant particles in all the environments, including seas and oceans where they are present in a concentration of about fold greater than prokaryotic Suttle, , Previous studies have highlighted that marine viruses play a critical role in determining aquatic communities and influencing ecosystem dynamics Bergh et al.
Many studies showed that viruses are abundant especially in surface water and subsurface sediments where their concentration exceeds by 10— times that recorded along the water column Paul et al. Some authors found a significant difference in viral abundance among different marine habitats.
Specifically, the highest viral presence was found typically in low-salinity coastal waters Culley and Welschmeyer, ; Corinaldesi et al. Virioplankton abundances were also found to decrease moving from productive coastal zones to oligotrophic offshore surface waters Wommack and Colwell, ; Corinaldesi et al.
Many characteristics of waters, such as temperature, salinity, turbulence and nutrient availability, remarkably influence viral presence in marine ecosystems, because they affect the presence, distribution and metabolism of the planktonic cells acting as viral hosts Wommack and Colwell, ; Weinbauer, This is supported by the previously documented significant positive correlation between the viral production and prokaryotic growth rate Glud and Middelboe, ; Mei and Danovaro, ; Danovaro et al.
As SARS-CoV-2 can reach the marine environment through human fecal emissions and, therefore, the human effluents, it is important to understand if and to what extent this transmission pathway can affect marine life. Wastewater monitoring studies aimed at detecting SARS-CoV-2 are currently carried out in order to better understand the viral epidemiology Ahmed et al.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater suggests that CoVs may be introduced into water bodies through urban or agricultural runoff or via wastewater effluents. Ye et al. The collected evidences suggested that after excretion whole coronavirus particles probably may survive in wastewater depending on different environmental conditions, and, after discharge into aquatic habitats, they may reach coastal marine waters where, however, undergo considerable damage and loss of infectivity.
Studies showed that in seawater different viruses, both of eukaryotes and phages, experience particle decay, at different rates, as a result of sunlight UV-C radiation and interaction with nucleases and proteases present in marine microorganisms and free in water Heldal and Bratbak, ; Wommack et al. However, the decay of CoVs in natural waters has not been studied. Concerning the presence of CoVs in biota, members of the family Coronaviridae are known to infect not only birds and mammals, but also invertebrates, reptiles, amphibian and even fish Bukhari et al.
Confirmed associations of CoVs with aquatic biota have been listed by Wartecki and Rzymski , who have suggested the role of aquatic environments inhabited by large populations of flock-forming or colony-forming waterfowls and frequently visited by bats, as possible hotspots of CoVs, with potential cross-species transmission. However, it must be noted that although these viruses are associated with respiratory diseases in pinnipeds and cetaceans, they are poorly similar to SARS-CoV-2 because both Gammacoronaviruses and Alphacoronaviruses share little homology with the new CoV.
Wild birds are known to be viral reservoirs, and birds living in marine environment are also known to harbor CoVs. For example, a novel coronavirus, member of the Gammacoronaviruses, was identified in American herrings and great black backed gulls Canuti et al. Interestingly, these sea bird CoVs belong to the same clade of marine mammal CoVs, suggesting that a possible spillover between these animals has occurred.
Marine Gammacoronaviruses have morphology, genome organization, and replication highly similar to human CoVs Mihindukulasuriya et al. While no marine Gammacoronavirus has been cultivated, experiments using the avian Gammacoronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus IBV have shown that it shares with human CoVs similar entry, replication and shedding. A recent review Godoy et al. Nevertheless, SARS-CoV-2 does not replicate in cold blood organisms who have a different ACE2 cell receptor and therefore it is unlikely that human consumption of aquatic animals or their products can transmit SARS-CoV-2, as well as that marine CoVs that are neither zoonotic nor closely related to human CoVs can cross the species barrier.
The COVID pandemic is having an impressive impact on human society and activities forcing the world population to change its habits and behaviors.
Climate changes with their impact on the environment and animals, have played surely a role in the emerging and spread of SARS-CoV The spreading of the infection has pushed the governments to adopt restrictive measures in order to contain the number of infected people and deaths. However, such strategies have had a positive impact on the environment, reducing pollution and improving air and water quality. This matter should increase the awareness of the importance of the environment and environmental pollution.
Some previous studies have been carried out to increase current public knowledge on this important issue Carducci et al. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the environment and the involvement of others animal species have been reviewed in this study. The presence and persistence of this virus in the environment, especially in aquatic environments, have been the subject of several studies.
However, from the currently available scientific evidences, it is possible to assume that due to the high decay rates and the high dilution rates, SARS-Cov-2 and CoVs in general are not able to persist in natural habitats for long time periods.
This would minimize the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection of any susceptible host that potentially could act as a viral reservoir. However, since terrestrial mammals and cetaceans have, similarly to humans, on ACE2 the receptor binding domains, surviving virions may potentially infect these animals especially near urban wastewater outfalls Nabi and Khan, In conclusion, CoVs as free persistent virions, especially in marine and freshwater ecosystems, are not frequent, but this could depend on the limited knowledge of the viral diversity in aquatic reservoirs Mordecai and Hewson, ; La Rosa et al.
Current understanding of the potential risk represented by the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in marine environments can be improved by a much broader monitoring and analysis of the dynamics of viral spread through further studies on this issue.
Citizens around the world are making responsible efforts to reduce viral transmissions and preserve human health. The pandemic teaches us that the same commitment must be dedicated to protecting and preserving the health of the planet Earth. Choosing more sustainable actions for the planet represents the greatest challenge for the future of humanity.
In this scenario, actions such as supporting the recovery and development of impacted communities, favoring the resilience of coastal ecosystems and safeguarding their services are strongly recommended Steven et al. PL and GC conceived the original idea.
PL, GC and AF carried out the bibliographic research, wrote the article and elaborated tables and figure. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Environ Res. Published online Jul 7. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. All rights reserved. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVIDrelated research that is available on the COVID resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract The emerging threat posed by COVID pandemic has strongly modified our lifestyle, making urgent to re-consider the humans-environment relationships and stimulating towards more sustainable choices in our daily behavior.
Introduction The current COVID Coronavirus Disease pandemic is having an enormous impact on human health in terms of morbidity and mortality attracting the interest of the scientific community worldwide. Influence of environmental variables on the COVID epidemiology and severity The onset of new viral pathogens with a high epidemic-pandemic potential is often the result of complex interactions between animals, humans and environment Coker et al.
Impact of COVID pandemic on the environment and biota While the COVID 19 pandemic with the following worldwide lockdowns has had and continues to have a huge negative impact on the global economy, the environment has benefits in terms of pollution thanks to the stop of that activities, such as industries, transports and tourism, impacting so heavily on environmental quality Bao and Zhang, ; Mahato et al. Open in a separate window. These latter can be considered as a high risk. The bathroom doors handles should be swabbed and analyzed in the daily monitoring.
Testing room floor and Corona wards floor may cause the transmission of the virus. Evaluation of current treatments for wastewater and sewage sludge, as well as the eventual development of new specific techniques for controlling the environmental dissemination of these viruses in the current and eventual future outbreaks. Airborne route of transmission requires to be deepened.
Positive effects in the short term due to the reduction of air pollution favoured by confinement policies. Contingency policies are linked to improvements in air quality, clean beaches and less environmental noise. There is a high association of the infections with air pollution in cities measured during days exceeding the limits set for PM10 or ozone in previous years.
Atmospheric stability and wind direction can affect transmission or dilution of the viral loading. Cough plume with virus aerosols can survive for 30 min and spreading through 1—2 km distance in air before diluting. Both long-term exposure and short-term exposure to high levels of pollutants are correlated to an increase in COVID contagion worldwide.
Atmospheric particulate matter can operate as a virus carrier, promoting disease spreading through the air. Environmental factors such as weather conditions, wind speed, RH, temperature, and size of particles are involved. Coronavirus excreted in faeces could reach wastewater treatment plants in an infective state, especially in cool climates.
The loads found suggest that cases are probably a lot higher than the official data. Knowledge basis for the risk assessment in water services is reported. Coronavirus persistence in wastewater can lead to further infection diffusion route. Wastewater may pose a risk to environmental and public health. Therefore, there is also the question of how long coronavirus can survive and remain contagious after wastewater discharge. But environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 could serve as a data source, indicating if the virus is circulating in the human population.
Samples from receiving rivers two sites, sampled in the same dates as wastewaters showed in some cases a positivity to PCR amplification, probably due to non-treated discharges, or the combined sewage overflows.
Nevertheless, also for rivers vitality was negligible, indicating the absence of sanitary risks. This may potentially increase the risk of infection for individuals involved in sewage management. The survival of enveloped viruses e. Secondary contagion from improper management of municipal solid waste is probable. Aragaw, Surgical face masks Face masks are easily ingested by higher organisms, such as fishes, and microorganisms in the aquatic life which will affect the food chain and finally chronic health problems to humans.
Ardusso et al. Cordova et al. De la Torre et al. Fadare and Okoffo, Face masks Plastic and plastic particle waste are getting into waterways from where they reach the freshwater and marine environment adding to the presence of plastics in the aquatic medium. Pereira de Albuquerque et al. Face masks can be a potential source of plastic and microplastics pollution and amplify the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes to the ecosystem.
Prata et al. This poses a risk to public health as waste is a vector for SARS-CoV-2 virus, which survives up to 3 days on plastics, and there are also broad impacts to ecosystems and organisms. Rume and Islam. Saliu et al. Moreover, microscopic analysis carried out onto surgical masks collected from Italian beaches highlighted the same morphological and chemical degradation observed in the masks subjected to the artificially weathering experiments, confirming the risks of a similar microfiber release into the marine environment.
Selvaranjan et al. These additional enhanced face masks containing plastic contributed to micro-plastic pollution in the aqua environment and also significantly impact the soil. Presence and survival OF CoVS IN marine environments and biota Viruses are the most abundant particles in all the environments, including seas and oceans where they are present in a concentration of about fold greater than prokaryotic Suttle, , Conclusions The COVID pandemic is having an impressive impact on human society and activities forcing the world population to change its habits and behaviors.
Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References Abbasi S. Saudi J. Although there is an overlap, the second is more oriented to the employment sector.
Guidance in Education - the educational guidance system in Denmark. OECD OECD review of career guidance policies: Denmark: country note. In order to ensure a coherent and coordinated guidance provision, the different career guidance providers are required to cooperate Undervisningsministeriet [Ministry of Education], f, para. This agreement removed the requirement that education guidance offered by local authorities must be within the framework of youth guidance centres.
It is for the local council to decide whether they wish to keep, establish, or shut down a local youth guidance centre. Local authorities are, however, under obligation to maintain the functions previously offered by the youth guidance centres and support the provision of professional career guidance independent of sectoral or institutional interests. The centres are required to also work together with parents. This cooperation includes concrete guidance activities as well as the development, planning and coordination of guidance provision as a whole Undervisningsministeriet [Ministry of Education], c.
When a student under 25 years old drops out of, or completes an education programme, the institution is required to inform the municipal youth guidance units. This also applies in cases where the institution believes that the student is at risk of dropping out Undervisningsministeriet [Ministry of Education], c, para. Aftale om bedre veje til uddannelse og job [Agreement on better ways to education and job].
Undervisningsministeriet [Ministry of Education] Undervisningsministeriet [Ministry of Education] c. Undervisningsministeriet [Ministry of Education] f. The legal framework stipulates guidelines for the organisation of guidance provision. In , the law was changed, making students deemed not ready for upper secondary education eligible for either group-based or individual guidance.
All others receive collective guidance years 7 to 10 in the form of class-based guidance activities Undervisningsministeriet, f, paras. To the degree that they are relevant, career counsellors should refer young people to the national guidance portal and eGuidance. All students in municipal lower secondary education must be offered career guidance by the municipal youth guidance units.
Furthermore, parents must be informed of the educational and career guidance available to young people within the municipality and the options for education and training after completing lower secondary education Undervisningsministeriet [Ministry of Education], c, para.
Guidance from the municipal youth guidance units must include the following activities, as a minimum:. Regional guidance centres were established following a comprehensive reform adopted by the Danish Parliament in Undervisningsministeriet [Ministry of Education], , para.
The centres provide guidance for students in upper secondary education in relation to their transition to higher education. From January the Regional guidance centres also provide guidance for students in upper secondary education programmes concerning vocational education. Study and Career Guidance Denmark also provide guidance in vocational education and training programmes regarding the option to continue to higher education.
Other target groups are young people and adults outside the education system who wish to enter a higher education programme Uddannelses- og forskningsministeriet, Prior to , the regional guidance centres were run by consortia following a public tender process. These consortia were typically comprised of educational institutions. As of , the regional guidance centres became part of the national budget and a manging director, tasked with running the seven centres, is employed by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science.
The service is integrated within the national guidance web portal Education guide and operated by the National Agency for IT and Learning. A team of career guidance professionals deliver personalised career guidance to all individuals who seek guidance on education and employment, supporting their choice of secondary education, higher education and continuing training. Uddannelses- og forskningsministeriet [Ministry of education and research] Lov om vejledning af uddannelse og erhverv [Act on guidance in relation to choice of education, training and career].
Lov nr. See section Evidence, monitoring and assessment. Denmark has adopted a set of principles for ethics in educational and vocational guidance Principper for etik i vejledningen.
FUE was a Danish umbrella organisation for guidance associations that was disbanded in The municipal youth guidance units are required to have a system in place for assuring and enhancing the quality of guidance provision.
This system must, as a minimum requirement, document the scale, results and effects of guidance activities, as well as cooperation between the youth guidance centre and other stakeholders. Youth guidance centres compile annual follow-up plans aimed at improving guidance provision.
At a minimum, the following elements must form part of the system for assuring and enhancing the quality of guidance provision:. The most recent user survey of youth guidance in schools is from This survey included all students in years 9 and 10 students with special needs and disabilities were being included at every municipal and private lower secondary school Danmarks Evalueringsinstitut [Danish Evaluation Institute], On January , the unit for education and vocational guidance in the municipalities EUK was established.
EUK support the municipalities' work in bringing young people into position for education and work, as well as support and document the development of the professional education and vocational guidance. EUK ensures knowledge sharing and exchange of experience across the municipal youth guidance units.
EUK also support the professional development of career guidance in a municipal, regional, national and international framework. Study and Career Guidance Denmark are required to have a system in place for assuring and enhancing the quality of guidance provision.
At a minimum, the quality assurance system must include:. Practitioners employed at Study and Career Guidance Denmark are required to have significant competences in guidance Uddannelses- og forskningsministeriet, , para. Practitioners employed at the eGuidance are required to have significant competences in guidance, as well as in digital literacy and skills, including proficiency in handling and delivering information through various digital means along with a good overall knowledge of the education and guidance system in Denmark.
An internal intensive three-month training programme is provided to all new eGuidance counsellors to drive the development of the competences required to provide quality guidance through virtual communication media. User surveys of eGuidance are conducted periodically, with the last in Danmarks Evalueringsinstitut [Danish Evaluation Institute], Additionally, there are network partnerships with relevant stakeholders.
Regular internal user surveys of eGuidance and the national guidance portal ug. Danmarks Evalueringsinstitut [Danish Evaluation Institute]. The concept of career management skills is used in the same context as career learning and career competences.
Education and Work see section Evidence, monitoring and assessment. Teachers have the autonomy to decide how they will integrate these themes. Students should gain a broad knowledge of society and an understanding of the labour market. Schools are responsible for the topic of education and work, with lessons planned in cooperation with the municipal youth guidance units den kommunale ungeindsats Undervisningsministeriet [Ministry of Education], a, para. Teaching should be integrated within the school and its subjects.
There are no stipulations regarding the amount of teaching. In addition, the guidance provided by the municipal youth guidance units is supposed to build on the knowledge and skills students have acquired within the topic Undervisningsministeriet, f, para. Last but not least, experience-based guidance activities called taster programmes are mandatory in schools.
In , career competence was included as one of the four competences which upper secondary education programmes should focus on. It is highlighted that career learning should be embedded in everyday teaching, when relevant, in relation to the aims of the subject in question and that students should gain insight into the real-world applications of the subjects they encounter at school.
Career learning can also occur through internships and partnerships with institutions and enterprises. Insights and outlooks: career learning in the final years of compulsory education Udsyn i udskolingen. In Denmark implemented a reform of primary and lower secondary schooling. This reform placed renewed focus on career education and stresses that career education shall be included in the school and in teaching subjects.
Teaching subjects shall provide students with the opportunity of difference forms of education and jobs, facilitate experience-based learning, open the school to society and support reflection in relation to career development see the description of education and work above Undervisningsministeriet [Ministry of Education], With the reform, teachers were given a new task, which many — generally speaking — did not have the educational or practical background to implement.
The target group for the project is students in the 7 th grade. The project aims at developing and evaluate the way to do educational visits at the vocational schools and create work experiences for 7 th grade students. The students participate in activities at a vocational school and are in an internship in a company or institution. A priority here is to create coherence between the activities and to support the students' reflections. This didactic design is developed and tested for the students in order to expand the students' experiences with and reflection on education and work and increase their awareness of possibilities in relation to this.
The Education and work MOOC are a free online courses available for anyone to enrol providing a flexible way to develop skills on how to teach Education and work through all grades in compulsory school.
The target group of the MOOC are teachers and teacher students but all who are interested in career learning and career education can sign up and participate free of charge. The first round of the MOOC is spring and the second is autumn People who have completed the Education and work course receive a diploma.
The Act on improved upper secondary education programmes, where the focus on career competences and career learning in upper secondary education programmes is introduced Regeringen et al. Among other projects, there are two development projects exploring how career learning can be incorporated within higher preparatory examination programmes HF and within higher general examination programmes STX , higher commercial examination programmes HHX , and higher technical examination programmes HTX.
Though the past 10 years Danish policies have recognised the urgent need to support graduate transition into work, there is very little knowledge about how to achieve this aim effectively. With a focus on students as future jobholders and job creators, the project has three components Rott, , p. The project relates to the overall SDU programme design which focuses on engaging students actively in their learning processes.
Content, teaching methods and assessment are tailored to each module. Experience has shown that the focus on student-centred learning goes well with the CMC focus, and that the structural reforms and political focus create a momentum for the career services to develop CMC activities. Simultaneously this approach has contributed to a change in attitudes among teaching staff component 3. The courses begin with student expectations, inputs from research on graduate labour market transition, career development theory, networking theories, and exercises.
A range of learning activities are applied, with exercises varying from reflective writing in class, mapping of personal learning goals in relation to CMC, interviews with managers, CVs, job search and structured group discussions, feedback and further activities such as in-company training, product development and innovation.
Assessment written report and oral examination is aligned to the content and methods applied, using, for example, reflexive questions on the learning process during the course. This makes the procedure meaningful from a student perspective. Evaluations have shown positive results and interesting aspects, like the relevance of peer group work. Karrierefokus i og efter gymnasiet [Career focus in and after upper secondary].
Katznelson, N. Aalborg Universitetsforlag. Poulsen, B. Udsyn i udskolingen [Insights and Outlooks — career learning in the final years of compulsory school]. Rott, G. Journal of the European Higher Education Area , 2 , 71— Skovhus, R. Undervisningsministeriet [Ministry of Education] e.
Undervisningsministeriet [Ministry of Education]. Uddannelse og job - obligatorisk emne. The aim for the subject]. Unge i praksis [Young people in practice]. See section Quality assurance. During the decade several evaluations, surveys and research reports on the youth career guidance system in Denmark were conducted. Some were commissioned, and others were blue-sky research projects. The issues in focus in the evaluations, surveys and research reports were analysed and categorised.
None of the evaluations, surveys and research on youth career guidance in the period focused on evidence and monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness of career guidance. This evaluation showed major differences in how the topic is prioritised and organised, both at the municipal level and between individual schools.
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